SYLLABUS DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (PART-I)

SYLLABUS DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (PART-I) 

1.1 PHARMACEUTICS - I 
[ Theory (75 Hours) ]

• Introduction  of different dosage forms

Their classifcafion with  examples-their  relative  applications. Familiarization with  new  drug  delivery  systems.  Introduction  to  Pharmacopoeias with  special  reference  to the Indian  Pharmacopoeia.

• Metrology:

System  of  weights  and  measures. Calculations  including  conversion  from  one  to  another system. Percentage  calculations  and  adjustment  of    products. Use of alligation method in calculations. Isotonic solutions.

• Packaging of pharmaceuticals:

Desirable  features of a container and types of  containers. Study of glass  & plastics  as  materials  for  containers  and  rubber  as  a  material  for  closure-their  merits  and  demerits. Introduction to aerosol   packaging.

•  Size  reduction:

 objectives and  factors  affecting  size  reduction,  methods of  size  reduction-study  of Hammer  mill, ball mill, Fluid  energy mill and Disintegrator.

•  Size  separation:

size  separation by  sifting. Official  standards for  powders. Sedimentation  methods  of  size separation. Construction and  working of Cyclone separator.

• Mixing  and Homogenization:

Liquid  mixing and  powder  mixing, Mixing  of  semisolids. Study of  silverson Mixer-Homogenizer, planetary  Mixer; Agitated powder  mixer; Triple  Roller  Mill; Propeller  Mixer, colloid Mill and Hand Homogeniser. Double cone  mixer.

• Clarification  and  Filtration:

Theory  of  filtration, Filter  media; Filter  aids  and  selection  of  filters. Study  of the following filtration equipments-Filter Press, sintered filters, Filter candles, Metafilter.

• Extraction and Galenicals:

(a) Study  of  percolation  and  maceration  and  their    modification, continuous  hot  extraction-Application  in the preparation of tinctures and  extracts.

(b) Introduction to  Ayurvedic dosage forms.

• Heat  process:

Evaporation-Definition-Factors  affecting  evaporation-study  of  evaporating  still  and Evaporating pan.

• Distillation:

Simple  distillation  and  Fractional  distillation, steam distillation  and  vacuum  distillation. Study of  vacuum  still, preparation  of  purified  water  I.P.  and  water  for  Injection  I.P.  construction  and  working  of  the still used for  the same.

• Introduction  to  drying  process:

Study  of  Tray  Dryers; Fluidized Bed  Dryer, Vacuum    Dryer  and  Freeze Dryer.

• Sterilization:

Concept  of  sterilization and  its  differences  from  disinfection-Thermal  resistance  of microorganisms. Detailed study of the following sterilization process. Sterilization with  moist  heat, Dry  heat  sterilization, Sterilization by  radiation,  Sterilization by  filtration  and Gaseous sterilization. Aseptic techniques-Applications of  sterilization process  in  hospitals  particularly  with reference  to  surgical dressings and intravenous fluids. Precautions for safe and effective handling of sterilization equipment.

• Processing of Tablets:

Definition;different type of compressed tables and their properties.Processes involved in the production of tablets;Tablets excipients;Defects in tablets;Evaluation of Tablets;Physical standards including Disintegration and Dissolution.Tablet coating-sugar coating;films coating,enteric coating and micro-encapsulation(Tablet coating may be de.. in  an elementary manner).

• Processing of Capsules:

Hard and soft gelatincapsules;different sizes of  capsules;filling of capsules;handling and storage of capsules.Special  applications of capsules.

•  Study of immunological products:

like sera,vaccines,toxoids & their  preparations. 

PRACTICAL (100 hours)

Preparation (minimum number stated against each of the following categories illustrating different techniques involved.

1.Aromatic waters3

2.Solutions4

3.Spirits2

4.Tinctures4

5.Extracts2

6.Creams2

7.Cosmetic preparations3

8.Capsules2

9.Tables2

10.Preparations involving2

11.Opthalmic preparations2

12.Preparations involving aseptic techniques2

Books recommended:(Latest editions) 

1.) Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

 2.) The Extra Pharmacopoeia-Martindale. 1.2

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I 

THEORY(75 Hours)

General discussion on the following inorganic compounds including important physical and chemical properties,medicinal and pharmaceutical uses,storage conditions and chemical incompatibility.

Acids,bases and buffers-Boric acid,Hydrochloric acid,Strong Ammonium hydroxide,Sodium hydroxide and official buffers.

Antioxidants-Hypophosphorousacid,Sulphur dioxide,Sodium bisulphite,Sodium meta-bisulphite,Sodium thiosulphate,Nitrogen and Sodium nitrite.

Gastrointestinal agents-Acidifying agents-Dilute Hydrochloric acid.Antacids-Sodium bicarbonate,Aluminumhydroxide gel,Aluminumphosphate,Calcium carbonate,Magnesium carbonate,Magnesium trisilicate,Magnesium oxide,Combinations of antacid preparations.

Protectiveand Adsorbents-Bismuth sub carbonateand Kaolin. Saline cathartics-Sodium potassium tartrate and Magnesium sulphate.

Topical Agents-Protective-Talc,Zinc Oxide,Calamine,Zinc stearate,Titanium dioxide,silicone polymers.

Antimicrobials  and  Astringents-Hydrogen  peroxide*, Potassium    permanganate, Chlorinated  lime, Iodine,  Solutions of Iodine, Povidone-iodine, Boric  acid, Borax, Silver nitrate, Mild  silver  protein, Mercury yellow, Mercuric oxide, Ammoniated  mercury. Sulphur and its compounds-Sublimed sulphur, Percipitated sulphur, Selenium sulphide. Astringents-Alum and Zinc Sulphate.

Dental  Products-Sodium  fluoride, Stannous  fluoride, Calcium  carbonate,  Sodium  meta  phosphate, Dicalcium phosphate ,Strontium chloride, Zinc chloride. Inhalants-Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide.

Respiratory  stimulants-Ammonium carbonate.

Expectorants and Emetics-Ammonium chloride*, Potassium iodide,  Antimony  potassium tartrate.

Antidotes-Sodium nitrite.

 Major Intra and Extra cellular electrolytes Electrolytes  used  for  replacement  therapy-Sodium  chloride  and  its    preparations, Potassium  chloride  and its preparations. Physiological  acid-base  balance  and  electrolytes  used-Sodium  acetate, Potassium  Acetate, Sodium bicarbonate  Inj., Sodium  citrate, Potassium  citrate, Sodium  lactate  injection, Ammonium  chloride  and  its injection. Combination of oral electrolyte powders and solutions.

Inorganic official compounds of Iron, Iodine and Calcium, Ferrous Sulphate and Calcium Gluconate.

Radio  pharmaceuticals  and  contrast  media-Radio  activity-Alpha; Beta  and  Gamma  Radiations, Biological  effects  of  radiations, Measurement  of  radio  activity, G.M.  Counter, Radio  isotopes-their  uses, Storage  and  precautions  with  special  reference  to  the  official  preparations. Radio  opaque  contrast  mediaBarium sulfate.

Quality  control  of  Drugs  and  pharmaceuticals-Importance  of  quality  control, significant errors, methods used for quality control, sources of impurities  in pharmaceuticals. Limit tests for  Arsenic, Chloride, Sulfate, Iron and Heavy metals.

Identification tests for cations and  anions as per  Indian Pharmacopoeia.

PRACTICAL (75 hours)
 1. Identification tests  for inorganic compounds particularly drugs and pharmaceuticals.

2. Limit test for chloride, Sulfate, Arsenic, Iron and Heavy metals.

3. Assay of inorganic pharmaceuticals involving each of the following methods of compounds marked  with (*) under theory.
 i. Acid-Base titrations(at least 3)
ii. Redox titrations (one each of  permanganometry and iodimetry).
iii. Precipitation titrations (at least 2)
iv. Complexometric titration (Calcium and Magnesium).

Books recommended (Latest  editions)
1. Indian pharmacopoeia.

1.3 PHARMACOGNOSY THEORY

 (75 Hours)
 1. Definition, history and scope of Pharmacogonosy including indigenous system of medicine.
 2. Various systems of classification of drugs and natural origin.
3. Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of pharmacopoeial standards.
 4. Brief  outline  of  occurrence, distribution, outline  of  isolation, identification  tests, therapeutic effects  and  pharmaceutical  application  of  alkaloids, terpenoids,  glycosides, volatile  oils, tannins and resins.
 5. Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic  evaluation, chemical  constituents  including  tests  wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of following categories of drugs.
(a) Laxatives-Aloes, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna. (b) Cardiotonics-Digitalis, Arjuna. (c) Carminatives  &  G.I. regulators-Umbelliferous  fruits, Coriander, Fennel, Ajowan, Cardamom, Ginger, Black pepper , Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove. (d) Astringents-Catecheu. (e) Drugs  acting  on  nervous  system-Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Aconite, Ashwagandha, Ephedra, Opium, Cannabis, Nux -vominca. (f) Antihypertensive-Rauwolfia. (g) Antitussives-Vasaka, Tolu balsam, Tulsi. (h) Antirheumatics-Guggal, Colchicum. (i) Antitumour-Vinca. (j) Antileprotics-Chaulmoogra  oil. (k) Antidiabetics-Pterocarpus, Gymnema sylvestro. (l) Diuretics-Gokhru, Punarnava. (m) Antidysenterics-Ipecacuanha. (n) Antiseptics and disinfectants-Benzoin, Myrrh, Neem, Curcuma. (o) Antimalarials-Cinchona. (p) Oxytocics-Ergot. (q) Vitamins-Shark liver oil and Amla. (r) Enzymes-Papaya, Diastase, Yeast. (s) Perfumes  and  flavoring agents-peppermint  oil, Lemon  oil, Orange  oil, lemon  grass  oil, sandal wood. Pharmaceutical  aids-Honey, Arachis  oil, starch, kaolin, pectin, olive  oil. Lanolin,  Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth, sodium Alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatin. Miscellaneous-Liquorice, Garlic, picrorhiza,  Dirscorea, Linseed, shatavari, shankhpushpi, pyrethrum, Tobacco. Collection  and  preparation  of  crude  drugs  for  the  market  as  exemplified by  Ergot, opium, Rauwalfia, Digitalis, senna. Study  of  source, preparation  and  identification  of  fibers used  in  sutures  and  surgical  dressings-cotton  ,silk, wool and regenerated fibers. Gross  anatomical  studies  of-senna , Datura, cinnamon, cinchona, fennal, clove, Ginger, Nuxvomica  & ipecacuanha.

 PRACTICAL (75 hours)
1. Identification  of  drugs  by  morphological  characters.  Physical  and  chemical  tests  for  evaluation  of drugs wherever applicable.
 2. Gross  anatomical  studies(t.s.)of  the  following  drugs  :Senna, Datura,  cinnamon, cinchona, coriander, fennel , clove, Ginger, Nux-vomica, Ipecacuanha.

3. Identification of  fibers and surgical dressings.

1.4 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY THEORY (50 Hours)

Introduction  to  biochemistry.  Brief  chemistry  and  role  of  proteins, polypeptides  and  amino acids, classification, Qualitative tests, Biological value, Deficiency diseases.
 Carbohydrates: Brief  chemistry  and  role  of  carbohydrates, classification, qualitative  tests, Diseases related to  carbohydrate  metabolism
. Lipids: Brief  chemistry  and  role  of  lipids, classification and qualitative  tests.  Diseases  related  to  lipids metabolism.
 Vitamins: Brief  chemistry  and  role  of  vitamins  and  coenzymes.    Role  of  minerals  and  water  in  life processes.
 Enzymes: Brief concept  of enzymatic action. factors affecting it. Therapeutics:
 Introduction to pathology of blood  and urine.  Lymphocytes and platelets, their  role in  health and  disease.  Erythrocytes-Abnormal  cells  and  their  significance.  Abnormal  constituents  of  urine  and  their significance in diseases.

 PRACTICAL (75 Hours)
1. Detection and identification of proteins. Amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
 2. Analysis  of  normal  and  abnormal  constituents  of  Blood  and  Urine  (Glucose, urea, creatine, cretinine, cholesterol, alkaline  phosphatatase  acid  phosphatase, Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, calcium, Diastase, Lipase).
 3. Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic  & staining).
 4. Practice  in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous routes, withdrawal  of  blood samples.

1.5 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THEORY(75 Hours) 

Scope  of  Anatomy  and  physiology. Definition  of  various  terms  used  in  Anatomy.  

  Structure  of cell, function of its components with special reference to mitochondria and microsomes

. Elementary  tissues: Elementary  tissues  of  the  body, i.e. epithelial  tissue, muscular  tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue.

 Skeltal  System: Structure  and  function  of  Skelton .

Classification  of  joints  and  their  function. Joint disorders.

 Cardiovascular System: Composition of blood, functions of blood  elements.

 Blood  group  and coagulation of  blood. Brief  information  regarding  disorders  of  blood. 

 Name  and  functions  of  lymph  glands. 

 Structure and  functions  of  various  parts  of  the  heart .Arterial  and  venous  system  with  special  reference  to  the  names and  positions  of  main  arteries  and  veins. Blood  pressure  and  its  recording. Brief  information  about cardiovascular disorders.

 Respiratory  system: Various  parts of respiratory system and their functions, physiology of respiration. 

Urinary  System: Various  parts  of  urinary  system  and  their  functions, structure  and  functions  of  kidney. Physiology of urine  formation. Patho-physiology of renal diseases and  edema. 

Muscular  System:  Structure  of  skeletal  muscle, physiology  of  muscle  contraction. Names, positions, attachments and functions of various skeletal  muscles. physiology of neuromuscular junction.

 Central  Nervous System: Various parts  of  central  nervous  system, brain and its  parts, functions  and  reflex action. Anatomy and physiology of automatic nervous system.

 Sensory  Organs:  Elementary knowledge  of  structure  and  functions  of  the  organs  of  taste, smell, ear, eye and skin.  Physiology of pain.

Digestive  System: names  of  various  parts  of  digestive  system  and  their  functions. structure  and  functions of liver, physiology of digestion and  absorption.
 Endocrine  System:  Endocrine  glands  and  Hormones. Location  of  glands, their  hormones  and  functions. pituitary, thyroid. Adrenal and pancreas Reproductive system
: Physiology and Anatomy of Reproductive system.

PRACTICALS (50 hours) 1. 2. 3. Study of the human Skelton.
 Study with the  help of charts and  models of the following system and  organs:
Digestive system
 Cardiovascular system Reproductive system 
  Respiratory system 
   Urinary system
     Eye    Ear Microscopic  examination  of  epithelial tissue, cardiac  muscle, smooth  muscle, skeletal muscle.
 Connective tissue and nervous tissues.
 4. 5. 6. Examination of blood films  for TLC .DLC and  malarial parasite.
 Determination  of  RBCs,  clotting  time  of  blood, erythrocyte  sedimentation  rate  and  Hemoglobin value.
 Recording of body temperature, pulse, heart-rate, blood  pressure and ECG.

1.6 HEALTH EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY THEORY (50 hours) Concept  of  health: Definition  of  physical  health, mental  health, social  health, spiritual  health  determinants of health, indicatory of  health, concept  of disease, natural  history of diseases, the  disease  agents, concept  of prevention of diseases.

 Nutrition  and  health: Classification  of  foods, requirements, diseases  induced  due  to  deficiency  of proteins, vitamins and  minerals-treatment and prevention. 

Demography  and  family  planning:    Demography  cycle, fertility, family  planning, contraceptive  methods,  behavioral methods, natural  family  planning  methods, chemical  methods, mechanical  methods, hormonal contraceptives, population problem of India.

 First  aid: Emergency  treatment  in  shock, snake-bite, burns, poisoning, heart  disease, fractures  and resuscitation methods, Elements of minor surgery and dressings.

 Environment  and  health: Source  of  water  supply, water  pollution, purification  of  water, health  and  air, noise, light-solid waste  disposal  and  control-medical  entomology, arthropod  borne  diseases  and  their control. rodents, animals and diseases.

 Fundamental  principles  of  microbiology: Classification  of  microbes, isolation, staining  techniques  of organisms of common diseases.

 Communicable  diseases: Causative agents, mode  of  transmission  and  prevention. 

 Respiratory  infectionschicken pox, measles, influenza,  diphtheria, whooping cough and  tuberculosis. Intestinal infection-poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, cholera, Typhoid, food poisoning, Hookworm infection. Arthropod borne infections-plague, Malaria, filariases. Surface infection-Rabies, Tranchoma, Tetanus, Leprosy. 

Sexually transmitted diseases-Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, AIDS. Non-communicable  diseases:  causative agents, prevention, care and control.

 Epidemiology: Its  scope, methods, uses, dynamics  of  disease  transmission. 

and  immunization:

 Immunological  products  and  their  dose  schedule. Principles  of  disease  control  and  prevention, hospital acquired  infection, prevention  and  control. 

Disinfection, types  of  disinfection  procedures,  for-faces, urine, sputum, room linen, dead-bodies, instruments. 

THANKS FOR VISITING.